domingo, 13 de enero de 2008

DISTRIBUCIÓN DE LOS TIEMPOS DE SEMÁFOROS

Reparto de Tiempos Verdes
Independientemente de lo que resulte de los cálculos, la duración del ciclo tiene que estar forzosamente comprendida entre los límites que fija la psicología del conductor. La práctica indica que ciclos menores de 35 segundos o mayores de 120 se acomodan difícilmente a la mentalidad del usuario de la vía pública.


En gran parte de los casos, la proximidad entre intersecciones obliga a que se adopte una misma duración de ciclo. Cuando las distancias entre intersecciones son grandes, es posible elegir ciclos distintos, pues se produce una dispersión de los vehículos que circulaban agrupados.

El caso más sencillo es aquel en que se pretende repartir un ciclo de una duración dada entre dos calles con una intensidad de tráfico conocida; para resolver el caso más desfavorable, se toma la que corresponde a los 15 minutos punta. La primera aproximación, que en muchos casos es suficiente, consiste en repartir el ciclo proporcionalmente a las intensidades máximas por carril de cada calle, como casi siempre el tráfico tiene unas características diferentes en cada calle, conviene también tener en cuenta el intervalo más frecuente con que se suceden los vehículos en cada vía. En este caso se hacen proporcionales los tiempos verdes al producto de las intensidades por carril y el intervalo más frecuente de los vehículos en cada calle.

El reparto así obtenido no se puede adoptar sin más análisis. En muchos casos hay que tener en cuenta el tiempo mínimo necesario para que los peatones atraviesen la calzada. Si ese tiempo mínimo necesario es mayor que el tiempo de paso asignado al movimiento que se realiza simultáneamente con el paso de peatones, habrá que modificar el reparto o el ciclo hasta que los peatones tengan tiempo suficiente para cruzar.




Duración del tiempo amarillo
La utilización de la luz amarilla entre la verde y la roja se debe a que no es posible detener instantáneamente un vehículo. Su finalidad es avisar al conductor que va a aparecer la luz roja y que, por tanto, debe decidir si tiene tiempo para pasar antes que se encienda o si, por el contrario, no lo tiene y ha de frenar.
En muchos tratados de ingeniería de trafico, se hace el cálculo de la duración del amarillo basándose en los dos supuestos siguientes:
El tiempo de amarillo será igual o superior al requerido para frenar antes de la línea de detención.
Si se ha entrado en la intersección, dará tiempo a atravesarla antes de que se encienda la luz roja.
Para que en todo momento se cumplan ambos supuestos habrá de tomar siempre el mayor de los valores que resulte de calcular el tiempo de amarillo con ambos criterios.

A pesar de que los criterios antes indicados parecen muy razonables, como con la aplicación de algunas fórmulas se llega generalmente a tiempos de amarillo muy largos, la mayoría de los autores recomiendan reducirlo a 3 ó 4 segundos, ya que la práctica indica que los valores teóricos generalmente obtenidos son menos eficaces que los más reducidos aconsejados por la experiencia.

La introducción de los tiempos de “todo rojo” hace innecesario incluir en el amarillo el tiempo de despeje, con lo cual el único valor que cuenta es el del tiempo de frenado.

La tendencia general es llegar a una duración del amarillo uniforme, con lo cual los conductores reaccionarán siempre de la misma forma y las únicas variables que intervendrán en su decisión serán la distancia a que se encuentran del semáforo y la velocidad a que circulan.

La duración del amarillo, es un factor que hay que tener en cuenta, pues en los ciclos cortos puede llegar a representar un porcentaje apreciable del tiempo total. Con un tiempo amarillo de 3 segundos y un ciclo de 30, el semáforo está el 10 % del tiempo amarillo, mientras que si el ciclo es de 90 segundos sólo lo está el 3,3%.

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